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Python Programming

A comprehensive overview of Python's advanced concepts and features.

Core Python Concepts

Language Features

  • Duck Typing and Dynamic Typing

    • Type hints and type checking
    • Runtime type determination
    • Protocol classes (structural subtyping)
    • Abstract base classes

  • First-Class Functions

    • Closures and scoping rules
    • Decorators and function wrappers
    • Partial functions
    • Lambda expressions

  • Iterators and Generators

    • Iterator protocol implementation
    • Generator functions and expressions
    • Coroutines and async generators
    • Context managers

Advanced Data Structures

  • Collections Module

    • defaultdict and Counter
    • OrderedDict and ChainMap
    • deque and namedtuple
    • heapq implementation

  • Custom Collections

    • Sequence protocol
    • Mapping protocol
    • Custom iterables
    • Slots and memory optimization

Memory Management

  • Python Memory Model

    • Reference counting
    • Garbage collection
    • Memory pools and allocation
    • Circular references

  • Performance Optimization

    • Profiling and benchmarking
    • Memory usage analysis
    • CPython optimizations
    • Caching strategies

Concurrency and Parallelism

  • Threading and Multiprocessing

    • GIL limitations
    • Thread synchronization
    • Process pools
    • Shared memory

  • Asynchronous Programming

    • asyncio framework
    • Event loops
    • async/await syntax
    • Task scheduling

Metaprogramming

  • Reflection and Introspection

    • Class and function inspection
    • Dynamic attribute access
    • Monkey patching
    • Import hooks

  • Metaclasses

    • Class creation control
    • Attribute descriptors
    • Abstract base classes
    • Class decorators

Advanced Features

  • Context Managers

    • Resource management
    • Exception handling
    • Reentrant contexts
    • Async context managers

  • Descriptors

    • Property implementation
    • Managed attributes
    • Lazy evaluation
    • Validation and type checking

Best Practices

Code Organization

  • Project Structure

    • Package organization
    • Dependency management
    • Virtual environments
    • Module patterns

  • Testing and Quality

    • Unit testing frameworks
    • Mock objects
    • Code coverage
    • Type checking tools

Performance

  • Optimization Techniques

    • Algorithm selection
    • Data structure choices
    • Caching strategies
    • C extensions

  • Memory Management

    • Resource cleanup
    • Memory leaks prevention
    • Object lifecycle
    • Weak references